Local news, and views from Pete Klein, author of Adirondack Hikes in Hamilton County, guide book, and erotic vampire novels:
Thursday, December 15, 2016
Tuesday, December 6, 2016
Price promotion for The Dancing Valkyrie - vampire novel
Hurry, hurry, hurry! Count Down Deal for The Dancing Valkyrie - a modern vampire novel
This promotion is for Ebook in the Amazon Kindle store
Increment Duration Price % Discount
1
December 8, 2016 at 8:00 AM (PST) 80h $0.99 67%
2
December 11, 2016 at 4:00 PM (PST) 80h $1.99 34%
End
December 15, 2016 at 12:00 AM (PST) Original list price $2.99
Click on this Link to go to Amazon Kindle store - http://amzn.to/2gZJPAw
This promotion is for Ebook in the Amazon Kindle store
Increment Duration Price % Discount
1
December 8, 2016 at 8:00 AM (PST) 80h $0.99 67%
2
December 11, 2016 at 4:00 PM (PST) 80h $1.99 34%
End
December 15, 2016 at 12:00 AM (PST) Original list price $2.99
Click on this Link to go to Amazon Kindle store - http://amzn.to/2gZJPAw
Thursday, November 24, 2016
Thursday, November 10, 2016
Tuesday, November 8, 2016
What if vampires did exist
What
if vampires did exist
Throughout
the ages, vampires have existed in myth and fiction. In books, movies and TV,
they have ranged from evil demons who kill and drink the blood of humans to
tortured souls who get the blood they need without killing humans. All vampires
have the ability to turn humans into vampires. Some do while others pick and
choose while still others refuse to turn humans into vampires. Most cannot go
out in the light of day while some can. Some can shapeshift. Many can get into
and manipulate the minds of humans. Most do not show their reflection in a
mirror but some do. Most modern vampires are good looking and sexually
seductive. Some are attractive but become ugly and horrific in appearance when
they attack their prey. This is most often the case in movies. Most have fangs
but a few do not. All vampires are difficult to kill, don’t age after becoming
vampires and are considered to be immortal for all practical purposes.
But
what if there were vampires, natural creatures who only appear to be human?
If
you consider the fact that there are many strange creatures living in the world
today and even more who lived in the past, think of T-Rex, it is not impossible
to imagine that real vampires of skin and bone, flesh and blood, could exist.
If they were to exist, what might they be like?
The
first thing that would be obvious is that they would not be demons. They would
be very much alive in their bodies of skin and bone, flesh and blood. They
would need real food in addition to the blood they would need to survive. There
aren’t enough nutrients in blood to sustain a physical body. Looking like the
humans they were before they became vampires, they would be able to live among
humans without being recognized as a separate species. To exist among humans
and get the blood they need to survive as vampires, they would need to possess
some abilities not possessed by most humans.
What
might these abilities be? Most can be explained by vampires having natural
abilities in excess of those most humans have: better eye sight, hearing, smelling,
tactile sensations and overall health and strength. They would have the ability
to create illusions such as those that are done by the best magicians and
illusionist but be better at doing them because of their vastly improved five
senses. In short, they would be the world’s top predator by combining the
highest predator qualities of humans and tigers.
This
is how I have imagined my vampires. In most respects they live and act as
humans do but with one big difference. Being a unique species that does need
blood and not truly human, their morality would not conform to human standards.
They have no more qualms about taking blood from humans and killing them in the
process than a human has in sitting down to a good meal of meat and potatoes.
Read
my vampire novels starting with The Dancing Valkyrie and continuing on with The Vampire Valkyrie, And God Created Vampires, The Blood Red Pleasure and the soon to be published - Mary the Vampire - to learn more.
All books are available from Amazon and B&N.
Friday, November 4, 2016
Wednesday, November 2, 2016
Book fair in Glens Falls, NY
Pete Klein at Chronicle Book Fair
Pete Klein will be signing
and selling his Adirondack Hikes in Hamilton County guide book and vampire
novels at the 20th annual Glens Falls Chronicle Book Fair, Autumn Leaves, on
Sunday, Nov. 6, from 11 am to 3 pm at the Queensbury Hotel in downtown Glens
Falls.
Buy
one book and get on book free!
Monday, October 24, 2016
New vampire novel due out in November
My latest vampire novel is expected to be published sometime this November.
The attached photo gives you an idea of what they might look like if you are lucky enough to meet them when they aren't looking for blood.
The blonde is Mary, the lead character. The raven haired beauty is Ana, her vampire child and lover.
The attached photo gives you an idea of what they might look like if you are lucky enough to meet them when they aren't looking for blood.
The blonde is Mary, the lead character. The raven haired beauty is Ana, her vampire child and lover.
Saturday, October 1, 2016
Why Bill Clinton cheats on Hillary
Maybe the main reason Bill Clinton cheats on Hillary is that he prefers women who like to be women and show that they are women by wearing dresses, skirts and high heels.
Which bring up the following. If Hillary is elected President, will she be the first woman president or will she be the first lesbian president?
This would be a hoot since Barack Obama is not really the first black president but is in fact the first mulatto president.
Which bring up the following. If Hillary is elected President, will she be the first woman president or will she be the first lesbian president?
This would be a hoot since Barack Obama is not really the first black president but is in fact the first mulatto president.
Monday, September 19, 2016
Tuesday, September 13, 2016
Monday, September 12, 2016
Purchase signed copies of books
Now you can purchase signed copies of my books by gong to my webpage.
The webpage is http://www.petekleinvampires.com/
Once there just click on Novels Signed by Pete at the top and place your order.
Shipping is free and the price is only $12 for all four of my vampire novels.
The webpage is http://www.petekleinvampires.com/
Once there just click on Novels Signed by Pete at the top and place your order.
Shipping is free and the price is only $12 for all four of my vampire novels.
Sunday, September 4, 2016
Saturday, September 3, 2016
Why Vampires
Why
Vampires?
Why
not?
In
the world of vampires created by author Peter Klein, vampires are natural
creatures of flesh and blood, skin and bone.
The
main character in the novels is Mary Hoffman, aka Erica, an erotic dancer who
becomes a vampire.
This
new world Mary had entered, thanks to Beth, gave her the feeling that she had
become what she was meant to be. She never thought she was condemned to being a
vampire. It was what God had meant her to be. Born and raised as a Catholic,
Mary had not stopped believing there is a god. She quickly came to believe she
was among the very few humans who were chosen by God to become a vampire. Why
God created vampires was beyond her imagination. Her reaction to the question
was to ask, “Why does God create anything? Why did God create Tyrannosaurus
rex? Why did God create wolves, lions, tigers, sharks and humans, all of which
kill to eat and survive? Who had any right to judge what God creates?” It was
all as Beth, the vampire who had created Mary, had explained it to her. Beth
had said to her, “There are very few of us. Not everyone can become a vampire.
The best I can explain it is that there are a small number of humans who have a
gene in them that reacts if a vampire shares their blood with them. A vampire
can smell another vampire and a human who has the potential to become a
vampire. Only if the vampire decides to share their blood with a human who
could become a vampire will that human become a vampire.”
What Beth had told her made her feel
special and honored. But it also made her wonder what her purpose might be.
To learn more, read the novels: The
Dancing Valkyrie, The Vampire Valkyrie, And God Created Vampires, and The Blood
Red Pleasure.
All are available online at Amazon and
B&N.
Sunday, August 21, 2016
Saturday, August 13, 2016
DEC Accepts Great South Woods Report for Planning Review
08/12/2016
DEC Accepts Great South Woods Report for Planning Review
Report Highlights Increased Recreational Points for the Adirondack Park
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) has accepted recommendations for expanding recreation opportunities within the Great South Woods (GSW) from the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF), Commissioner Basil Seggos announced today. This report highlights the potential for recreational use within a large region of the Adirondack Park including all of Hamilton County and parts of Essex, Warren, Herkimer, Fulton and Saratoga counties. The GSW area covers two million acres, including 20 individual Forest Preserve management units.
"Promoting access and connectivity throughout the Adirondack Park Communities is essential and a goal of this planning process is to ensure that DEC and partners continue to foster this as recreational facilities are developed and enhanced," said Commissioner Seggos. "We appreciate the considerable efforts that ESF, the people and community leaders within the Great South Woods region of the Park and the other members of Planning Team have devoted to create this terrific blueprint to create attractive destinations while connecting communities within this large part of the Park. DEC remains committed to achieving these goals and we look forward to working with the Adirondack Park Agency and other members of the Great South Woods team to implement these recommendations."
The GSW process was designed and led by SUNY ESF in collaboration with representatives from DEC, the Adirondack Park Agency (APA) and the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors. The GSW team conducted recreation planning at a landscape scale, beyond the boundaries of individual management units. It was designed to engage communities and stakeholders in the design of a destination-based system of trails and infrastructure that could stimulate economic activity while protecting the Adirondack Park's ecosystems and wild character. Development of the report included an 18-month participatory process that involved more than 300 individuals that attended public workshops and meetings held across the GSW planning area.
ESF developed strategies and recommendations that emphasized public participation and prioritized local knowledge and community-generated ideas to inform recreation planning at multiple scales. The GSWs effort represents a new model and opportunity for recreation planning that facilitates a high degree of public engagement to gather local knowledge and community ideas to inform planning, design, and implementation steps.
The objectives of the GSW planning effort were to identify opportunities and feasible means to:
Optimize the potential of the GSW to provide a wide spectrum of outdoor recreational activities available on Forest Preserve, DEC easement, municipal and private lands across the region;
Establish a new community-based land-and-water trail and lodging system that would strengthen community linkages to each other and to nearby Forest Preserve and conservation easement lands;
Better develop front-country areas of state lands for improved access and greater enjoyment of diverse -including motorized - recreational activities;
Improve protection of back-country areas of state lands in their primitive, wild condition while improving trail systems for heightened enjoyment of self-powered recreation.
ESF received $250,000 over a two year time period and included input from the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors, the Adirondack Park Agency and other Park Stakeholders.
Sherman Craig, Adirondack Park Agency Chairman said, "The APA is excited to be a part of this innovative planning approach. We congratulate the planning team on their outstanding efforts. Connecting the Forest Preserve to Park Communities will broaden economic opportunities and increase visitation."
Brian Houseal, Director of ESF's Adirondack Ecological Center said, "We appreciate DEC's support of our ESF team's facilitation of a region-wide, grass-roots participatory planning effort. We learned so much from local communities: their knowledge of the special places on nearby Forest Preserve lands, and their willingness to partner with the DEC by adding volunteers and resources to create new nature-based tourism destinations throughout the Great South Woods - the real wild place in the Adirondack Park."
William Farber, Chairman of the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors said, "We applaud both ESF and DEC for working with the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors on the development of the Great South Woods planning document. The goal of this report is to make sure that as planning for State lands within this region of the Park is conducted, the need to connect communities and maximize economic opportunities including increased tourism are part of the plan."
The report contains many recommendations for enhanced connectivity and access, including maps that depict new, conceptual destination based hiking routes and other outdoor recreational facilities. DEC will now review the report and work with communities, recreation interests and other Park stakeholders to refine and implement the proposals.
The recommendations in the GSW Strategy address longstanding issues such as protection of 'remote core' wilderness, as well as emerging issues, such as invasive species. Next steps will require further engagement with communities to identify priority projects and engage in further design work.
To view a copy of the Great South Woods report, visit DEC's website.
DEC Accepts Great South Woods Report for Planning Review
Report Highlights Increased Recreational Points for the Adirondack Park
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) has accepted recommendations for expanding recreation opportunities within the Great South Woods (GSW) from the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF), Commissioner Basil Seggos announced today. This report highlights the potential for recreational use within a large region of the Adirondack Park including all of Hamilton County and parts of Essex, Warren, Herkimer, Fulton and Saratoga counties. The GSW area covers two million acres, including 20 individual Forest Preserve management units.
"Promoting access and connectivity throughout the Adirondack Park Communities is essential and a goal of this planning process is to ensure that DEC and partners continue to foster this as recreational facilities are developed and enhanced," said Commissioner Seggos. "We appreciate the considerable efforts that ESF, the people and community leaders within the Great South Woods region of the Park and the other members of Planning Team have devoted to create this terrific blueprint to create attractive destinations while connecting communities within this large part of the Park. DEC remains committed to achieving these goals and we look forward to working with the Adirondack Park Agency and other members of the Great South Woods team to implement these recommendations."
The GSW process was designed and led by SUNY ESF in collaboration with representatives from DEC, the Adirondack Park Agency (APA) and the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors. The GSW team conducted recreation planning at a landscape scale, beyond the boundaries of individual management units. It was designed to engage communities and stakeholders in the design of a destination-based system of trails and infrastructure that could stimulate economic activity while protecting the Adirondack Park's ecosystems and wild character. Development of the report included an 18-month participatory process that involved more than 300 individuals that attended public workshops and meetings held across the GSW planning area.
ESF developed strategies and recommendations that emphasized public participation and prioritized local knowledge and community-generated ideas to inform recreation planning at multiple scales. The GSWs effort represents a new model and opportunity for recreation planning that facilitates a high degree of public engagement to gather local knowledge and community ideas to inform planning, design, and implementation steps.
The objectives of the GSW planning effort were to identify opportunities and feasible means to:
Optimize the potential of the GSW to provide a wide spectrum of outdoor recreational activities available on Forest Preserve, DEC easement, municipal and private lands across the region;
Establish a new community-based land-and-water trail and lodging system that would strengthen community linkages to each other and to nearby Forest Preserve and conservation easement lands;
Better develop front-country areas of state lands for improved access and greater enjoyment of diverse -including motorized - recreational activities;
Improve protection of back-country areas of state lands in their primitive, wild condition while improving trail systems for heightened enjoyment of self-powered recreation.
ESF received $250,000 over a two year time period and included input from the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors, the Adirondack Park Agency and other Park Stakeholders.
Sherman Craig, Adirondack Park Agency Chairman said, "The APA is excited to be a part of this innovative planning approach. We congratulate the planning team on their outstanding efforts. Connecting the Forest Preserve to Park Communities will broaden economic opportunities and increase visitation."
Brian Houseal, Director of ESF's Adirondack Ecological Center said, "We appreciate DEC's support of our ESF team's facilitation of a region-wide, grass-roots participatory planning effort. We learned so much from local communities: their knowledge of the special places on nearby Forest Preserve lands, and their willingness to partner with the DEC by adding volunteers and resources to create new nature-based tourism destinations throughout the Great South Woods - the real wild place in the Adirondack Park."
William Farber, Chairman of the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors said, "We applaud both ESF and DEC for working with the Hamilton County Board of Supervisors on the development of the Great South Woods planning document. The goal of this report is to make sure that as planning for State lands within this region of the Park is conducted, the need to connect communities and maximize economic opportunities including increased tourism are part of the plan."
The report contains many recommendations for enhanced connectivity and access, including maps that depict new, conceptual destination based hiking routes and other outdoor recreational facilities. DEC will now review the report and work with communities, recreation interests and other Park stakeholders to refine and implement the proposals.
The recommendations in the GSW Strategy address longstanding issues such as protection of 'remote core' wilderness, as well as emerging issues, such as invasive species. Next steps will require further engagement with communities to identify priority projects and engage in further design work.
To view a copy of the Great South Woods report, visit DEC's website.
Wednesday, August 10, 2016
Watch Clinton Cash for free on Breitbart.com
Watch Clinton Cash for free on Breitbart.com: Watch Clinton Cash, a documentary based on the Peter Schweizer book the NY Times hailed as “The most anticipated and feared book of a presidential cycle.”
Sunday, August 7, 2016
The first "whatever" president.
Supposedly, with the election of Obama, we elected the first black president. This is only half true because Obama was and is half black and half white.
Now we are encourage to elect the first woman president, which would make her the first white woman president.
So let's say she gets elected. Then what?
How about if we just wait awhile until we can get all groups all rolled up into one candidate. How about we wait for the first gay, Chinese Muslim who becomes the first transsexual while in office president and later announces they have become an atheist?
Maybe then we could get back to electing someone who isn't the first of anything because all bases have been covered and we can pat ourselves on our backs for being so inclusive.
Now we are encourage to elect the first woman president, which would make her the first white woman president.
So let's say she gets elected. Then what?
How about if we just wait awhile until we can get all groups all rolled up into one candidate. How about we wait for the first gay, Chinese Muslim who becomes the first transsexual while in office president and later announces they have become an atheist?
Maybe then we could get back to electing someone who isn't the first of anything because all bases have been covered and we can pat ourselves on our backs for being so inclusive.
Friday, August 5, 2016
The real Dracula
Below is what Wikipeda has to say about the Real Dracula
Vlad the Impaler
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.show/hide details
"Vlad ÈšepeÈ™" redirects here. For other uses, see Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ (disambiguation).
Reign 1448; 1456–1462; 1476
Born November or December 1431
Segesvár, Kingdom of Hungary
(city now known as Sighișoara, Romania)
Died December 1476 or January 1477, exact date unknown (aged 44–45)
Wallachia (exact location unknown)
Wives
Transylvanian noblewoman
Ilona Szilágyi
Father Vlad II Dracul
Mother Cneajna of Moldavia (presumed)
Signature
Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1431–1476/77) was a member of the House of DrăculeÈ™ti, a branch of the House of Basarab, also known as Vlad Drăculea or Vlad Dracula. He was posthumously dubbed Vlad the Impaler (modern Romanian: Vlad ÈšepeÈ™.
He was a three-time Voivode of Wallachia, ruling mainly from 1456 to 1462, the period of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. His father Vlad II Dracul was a member of the Order of the Dragon, which was founded to protect Christianity in Eastern Europe. Vlad III is revered as a folk hero in Romania and Bulgaria for his protection of the Romanians and Bulgarians both north and south of the Danube. Following his raids on the Ottomans, a significant number of Bulgarian common folk and remaining boyars resettled north of the Danube to Wallachia and recognized his leadership.
As the cognomen "The Impaler" suggests, his practice of impaling his enemies is part of his historical reputation. During his lifetime, his reputation for cruelty spread abroad to Germany and elsewhere in Europe. The name of the vampire Count Dracula in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula was inspired by Vlad's patronymic and reputation.
During his life, Vlad wrote his name in Latin documents as Wladislaus Dragwlya, vaivoda partium Transalpinarum.
The Order of the Dragon, founded by Emperor Sigismund in 1408.
Vlad's nickname of Țepeș ("Impaler") identifies his favourite method of execution, but it was only attached to his name posthumously in c. 1550. Before this, however, he was known as Kaziklu Beg or Kaziklı Voyvoda (both meaning Impaler Lord) by the Ottoman Empire after their armies encountered his "forests" of impaled victims.
Early life
Vlad Dracul was born in Sighișoara, Voivodeship of Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary (today part of Romania) in the winter of 1431 to Vlad II Dracul, future voivode of Wallachia. Vlad's father was the son of the celebrated Voivode Mircea the Elder. His mother is unknown, though at the time his father was believed to have been married to Princess Cneajna of Moldavia (eldest daughter of Alexander "the Good", Prince of Moldavia and aunt to Stephen the Great of Moldavia) and also to have kept a number of mistresses. He had two older half-brothers, Mircea II and Vlad Călugărul, and a younger brother Radu III the Handsome. Vlad had a half-brother also named Vlad through his father's mistress Caltuna. She entered a monastery, and her son followed in her footsteps to become Vlad the Monk.
In the year of his birth, Vlad's father traveled to Nuremberg, where he was then vested into the Order of the Dragon, a fellowship of knights sworn to defend Christendom against the encroaching Ottomans and European heresies, such as the Hussites. During his initiation, he was given the epithet Dracul or dragon by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund.
Vlad and Radu spent their early formative years in Sighișoara. During the first reign of their father Vlad II Dracul, the Voivode brought his young sons to Târgoviște, the capital of Wallachia at that time.
Byzantine chancellor Mikhail Doukas showed that, at Târgoviște, the sons of boyars and ruling princes were well-educated by Romanian or Greek scholars commissioned from Constantinople. Vlad is believed to have learned combat skills, geography, mathematics, science, languages (Old Church Slavonic, German, Latin), and the classical arts and philosophy.
Dealings with the Ottoman Empire and first reign (1448).
In 1436, Vlad II Dracul ascended the throne of Wallachia. He was ousted in 1442 by rival factions in league with Hungary, but secured Ottoman support for his return by agreeing to pay tribute to the Sultan. He also agreed to let two of his sons stay at the Ottoman court as an extra guarantee of his loyalty.
In 1442, Vlad II Dracul was beguiled into a confrontation with Sultan Mehmed II. Insensitive to the situation, he took his two sons, Mircea and Dracula, to meet him, only for them to be taken prisoner. During his years as a "favoured prisoner" in Gallipolli, Vlad was educated in logic, the Quran, and the Turkish language and works of literature. He would speak this language fluently in his later years. He and his brother were also trained in warfare and horsemanship. It is suspected that the young Dracula spent some time c. 1443 in Constantinople in the court of Constantine XI Paleologus, the final emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Both were eventually released in 1448 after six years of captivity, however privileged. His Turkish allies supported him by attempting to install him as Voivode of Wallachia. This bold coup lasted the two months when his opponents were distracted.
Vlad was not at all pleased to be in Turkish hands. He was resentful and very jealous of his little brother, who soon earned the nickname Radu cel Frumos, or "Radu the Handsome". Radu was well behaved and quickly earned the friendship of Sultan Murad's son, Mehmet; he eventually converted to Islam and entered Ottoman service. Conversely, Vlad was defiant and constantly punished for his impudence. It has been suggested that his traumatic experiences among the Ottomans may have molded him into the sadistic man he grew up to be, especially in regards to his penchant for impaling. The death of Vlad's father and older half-brother Mircea, both politically assassinated, greatly contributed to the development of his sadistic nature.
Dracula escaped to Moldova, fearful of assassins, to learn under the tutelage of his uncle Prince Bogdan and his cousin Prince Stephen. They formed a close friendship, promising each other to help in time of need. In 1451, only three years after his "adoption", Dracula was forced to flee in the turmoil following Prince Bogdan's assassination. He reappeared in Transylvania and came under the tutelage of the mighty Hungarian military leader Janos Hunyadi and the Hungarian King Ladislaus. In 1456, Dracula was sent to eliminate the Turkish-friendly Vladislav II, who was the Voivode of Wallachia. Dracula came to the throne as Prince of Wallachia, ushering in his main and most important reign.
Second and main reign (1456–62).
With Hungarian assistance, Vlad took the throne of Wallachia from Vladislav II in 1456. In 1457, exactly a year after his ascension, Vlad helped his cousin Stephen ascend Moldavia's throne by providing 6,000 horsemen as military assistance against Petru Aron, who was deposed after two battles. Stephen's long reign developed into a fierce anti-Ottoman resistance.
War with the Ottomans
In 1459, Pope Pius II called for a new crusade against the Ottomans at the Congress of Mantua. In this crusade, the main role was to be played by Matthias Corvinus, son of John Hunyadi (János Hunyadi), the King of Hungary. To this effect, Matthias Corvinus received from the Pope 40,000 gold coins, an amount that was thought to be enough to gather an army of 12,000 men and purchase ten Danube warships. Vlad allied with Corvinus in the hope of keeping the Ottomans out of Wallachia, which was claimed as a part of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mehmed II.
Later in 1459, Mehmed II sent envoys to Vlad to urge him to pay a delayed tribute of 10,000 ducats and 500 recruits into the Ottoman forces. Vlad refused, because if he had paid the tribute, it would have meant a public acceptance of Wallachia as part of the Ottoman Empire. Vlad, like most of his predecessors and successors, maintained the independence of Wallachia. On the pretext that they had refused to raise their "hats" to him, Vlad had the Turkish envoys killed by nailing their turbans to their heads.
Meanwhile, the Sultan received intelligence reports that revealed Vlad's domination of the Danube. He sent the Bey of Nicopolis, Hamza Bey (also known as Hamza Ceakirdjiba), to make peace and, if necessary, eliminate Vlad III. Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ planned to set an ambush. Hamza Bey brought with him a thousand cavalry, and as they passed through a narrow pass north of Giurgiu, Vlad launched a surprise attack. The Wallachians had the Turks surrounded and defeated. The Turks' plans were thwarted and almost all were caught and impaled, with Hamza Bey impaled on the highest stake to show his rank.
In the winter of 1462, Vlad crossed the Danube River and devastated the entire Bulgarian land in the area between Serbia and the Black Sea. Disguising himself as a Turkish Sipahi and utilizing the fluent Turkish he had learned as a hostage, he infiltrated and destroyed Ottoman camps. In a letter to Corvinus dated 2 February, he wrote: I have killed peasants men and women, old and young, who lived at Oblucitza and Novoselo, where the Danube flows into the sea. We killed 23,884 Turks without counting those whom we burned in homes or the Turks whose heads were cut by our soldiers.Thus, your highness, you must know that I have broken the peace.
Sultan Mehmed II's invasion of Wallachia.
The Night Attack of Târgovişte, which resulted in the victory of Vlad the Impaler.
In response, Sultan Mehmed II raised an army of around 60,000 troops and 30,000 irregulars, and in spring of 1462 he headed towards Wallachia. The army was under the Ottoman general Mahmut Pasha and in its ranks was Radu. Vlad was unable to stop the Ottomans from crossing the Danube on 4 June 1462, entering Wallachia. He organized small attacks and ambushes on the Turks, such as The Night Attack when 15,000 Ottomans were killed. This infuriated Mehmed II, who then crossed the Danube. Radu was left behind in Târgoviște with the hope that he would be able to gather an anti-Vlad clique in Wallachia that would ultimately establish Radu as the new Voivode of the region. Vlad's rule falls entirely within the three decades of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, conquering the entire Balkan Peninsula.
Vlad the Impaler's attack was celebrated by the Saxon cities of Transylvania, the Italian states, and the Pope. A Venetian envoy, upon hearing about the news at the court of Corvinus on 4 March, expressed great joy and said that the whole of Christianity should celebrate the successful campaign of Vlad ÈšepeÈ™. The Genoese from Caffa also thanked Vlad, for his campaign had saved them from an attack of some 300 ships that the sultan planned to send against them.
Defeat
Writ issued on 14 October 1465 by Radu cel Frumos from his residence in Bucharest signifying the victory of the Ottoman Empire.
Vlad's initial victory against the Ottomans was short-lived, and he soon withdrew to Moldavia, leaving behind detachments in Wallachia that were overrun by the Ottoman Sipahi commander Turhanoghlu Omer Bey, who was appointed governor of Thessaly as reward.
The Ottoman administrator Mihaloghlu Ali Bey, on behalf of the Sultan, gave Vlad's younger brother Radu cel Frumos and his Janissary battalions the task of leading the Ottoman force. As the war raged on, Radu and his formidable Janissary battalions were well supplied with a steady flow of gunpowder and dinars, allowing them to push deeper into the realm of Vlad III. Radu's forces finally besieged Poenari Castle, the famed lair of Vlad III. After his victory Radu was given the title Bey of Wallachia by Mehmed II.
Vlad III's defeat at Poenari was due in part to the fact that the Boyars, who had been alienated by Vlad's policy of undermining their authority, had joined Radu under the assurance that they would regain their privileges. They may have also believed that Ottoman protection was better than Hungarian.
By September 8, Vlad had won another three victories, but continuous war had left him without any money and he could no longer pay his mercenaries.
Imprisonment in Hungary
In autumn of 1462, Vlad and Matthias Corvinus spent five weeks negotiating alliances and making battle plans at Braşov. After believing he had gained Hungarian support for his crusade against the Ottomans, a confident Vlad started on his way home to Wallachia. Unbeknownst to him, there was an ambush waiting for him at Castle King's Rock, a fortress about six kilometers north of Rucăr, barely inside the Wallachian state. On November 26, Vlad was captured and spirited away to Hungary by Matthias Corvinus' own men.
Neither his contemporaries nor modern day scholars can say why exactly Matthias Corvinus shifted his loyalties and betrayed Vlad. Relatively recent research volunteers a possible explanation, though: In the early 1460s, the Hungarian king became distracted by the possibility of receiving the title of Holy Roman Emperor, and effectively tried to end the anti-Ottoman crusades in Eastern Europe. To focus on gaining power in Central Europe, he abandoned the Balkans to the Turks, a hasty and incriminating move for a supposed crusader-king. In order to justify his actions, he ordered Vlad's arrest, claiming that the Wallachian prince was actually in league with the Turks; therefore, the entire area was undeserving of his protection.
Vlad was imprisoned at the Oratea Fortress located at today's Podu Dâmboviței village. A period of imprisonment in Visegrád near Buda followed. The exact length of Vlad's period of imprisonment is open to some debate, though indications show that it was from 1462 until 1466. Diplomatic correspondence from Buda seems to indicate that the period of Vlad's effective confinement was relatively short, his release occurring around 1466 when he married Ilona Szilágyi. Radu's openly pro-Ottoman policy as voivode probably contributed to Vlad's rehabilitation. Moreover, Steven the Great, Voivode of Moldavia and relative of Vlad, intervened on his behalf to be released from prison as Ottoman pressure on the territories north of the Danube was increasing.
Reconquest of Wallachia, third reign and death
Around 1475, Vlad and Stephen V Báthory of Transylvania began preparations for the reconquest of Wallachia, mixed with forces of Transylvanians, Hungarian support, some dissatisfied Wallachian boyars, and Moldavians sent by Prince Stephen III of Moldavia, Vlad's cousin. Vlad's brother Radu had died by this time and had been replaced on the Wallachian throne by Turkish candidate Prince Basarab the Elder, a member of the Dăneşti clan. When Vlad's army arrived, Prince Basarab's army fled, some to the Turks, others in the mountains. After placing Vlad on the throne, Stephen Báthory and his forces returned to Transylvania, leaving Vlad in a very weak position. Vlad had little time to get support before a large Turkish army entered Wallachia to put Prince Basarab back on the throne. Vlad had to meet the Turks with the small forces at his disposal, which were made up of fewer than four thousand men. Vlad III declared his third reign on 26 November 1476, where it had lasted little more than two months and thereafter he was killed.
The exact date and location of Vlad's death are unknown, but he was dead by 10 January 1477. He is presumed to have died at the end of December 1476, somewhere along the road between Bucharest and Giurgiu. There are variant descriptions of Vlad's death. Some sources say that he was killed while fighting the Turks, surrounded by the bodies of his loyal Moldavian bodyguards. Others say that he was killed by disloyal Wallachian boyars also fighting the Turks, or killed during a hunt. Still other reports claim that Vlad was accidentally killed by one of his own men. According to Bonfinius (Antonio Bonfini) and a Turkish chronicler, Vlad was decapitated by the Turks as a trophy, and his head was sent to Constantinople, preserved in honey. Afterwards, the head was displayed on a stake as proof that he was dead.
Burial
Vlad's body was buried unceremoniously by his rival, Basarab Laiota, possibly at Comana, a monastery founded by Vlad in 1461. The Comana monastery was demolished and rebuilt from scratch in 1589.
In the 19th century, Romanian historians cited a "tradition", apparently without any kind of support in documentary evidence, that Vlad was buried at Snagov, an island monastery located near Bucharest. To support this theory, the so-called Cantacuzino Chronicle was cited, which claims Vlad as the founder of the monastery, but Alexandru Odobescu had established this as impossible as early as 1855, since the monastery had been in existence before 1438. Since excavations carried out by Dinu V. Rosetti (1935) in June–October 1933, it has become clear that Snagov monastery was founded during the later 14th century, well before the time of Vlad III. The 1933 excavation also established that there was no tomb below the supposed "unmarked tombstone" of Vlad in the monastery church. Rosetti reported that "Under the tombstone attributed to Vlad there was no tomb. Only many bones and jaws of horses." In the 1970s, speculative attribution of an anonymous tomb found elsewhere in the church to Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ was published by Simion Saveanu, a journalist who wrote a series of articles on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of Vlad's death. Most Romanian historians today favor the Comana monastery as the final resting place for Vlad ÈšepeÈ™.
Legacy
Reputation for cruelty.
After Vlad's death, his deeds were reported in popular pamphlets in Germany, reprinted from the 1480s until the 1560s, and to a lesser extent in Tsarist Russia. A typical German pamphlet from 1521 gives numerous examples of lurid incidents, such as the following: He roasted children, whom he fed to their mothers. And (he) cut off the breasts of women, and forced their husbands to eat them. After that, he had them all impaled.
Vlad's reputation was considerably darker in western Europe than in eastern Europe and Romania. In the West, he has been characterized as a tyrant who took sadistic pleasure in torturing and killing his enemies. Estimates of the number of his victims range from 40,000 to 100,000. He also had whole villages and fortresses destroyed and burned to the ground.
Impalement was Vlad's preferred method of torture and execution. Several woodcuts from German pamphlets of the late 15th and early 16th centuries show Vlad feasting in a forest of stakes and their grisly burdens outside Brașov, while a nearby executioner cuts apart other victims. It has also been said that in 1462 Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, returned to Constantinople after being sickened by the sight of 20,000 impaled corpses outside Vlad's capital of Târgoviște.
German sources
The German stories circulated first in manuscript form in the late 15th century and the first manuscript was probably written in 1462 before Vlad's arrest. The text was later printed in Germany and had a major impact on the general public, becoming a bestseller of its time with numerous later editions adding to and altering the original text.
In addition to the manuscripts and pamphlets the German version of the stories can be found in the poem of Michael Beheim. The poem called "Von ainem wutrich der hies Trakle waida von der Walachei" ("Story of a Hothead Named Dracula of Wallachia") was written and performed at the court of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor during the winter of 1463.
To this day four manuscripts and 13 pamphlets have been found, as well as the poem by Michel Beheim. The surviving manuscripts date from the last quarter of the 15th century to the year 1500 and the found pamphlets date from 1488 to 1559–1568.
Eight of the pamphlets are incunabula, meaning that they were printed before 1501. The German stories about Vlad the Impaler consist of 46 short episodes, although none of the manuscripts, pamphlets or the poem of Beheim contain all 46 stories.
All of them begin with the story of the old governor, John Hunyadi, having Vlad's father killed, and how Vlad and his brother renounced their old religion and swore to protect and uphold the Christian faith. After this, the order and titles of the stories differ by manuscript and pamphlet editions.
Russian sources
The Russian or the Slavic version of the stories about Vlad the Impaler called "Skazanie o Drakule voevode" ("The Tale of Warlord Dracula") is thought to have been written sometime between 1481 and 1486. Copies were made from the 15th century to the 18th century, of which some 22 extant manuscripts survive in Russian archives. The oldest one, from 1490, ends as follows: "First written in the year 6994 of the Byzantine calendar (1486), on 13 February; then transcribed in the year 6998 (1490), on 28 January". The Tales of Prince Dracula is neither chronological nor consistent, but mostly a collection of anecdotes of literary and historical value concerning Vlad ÈšepeÈ™.
There are 19 anecdotes in The Tales of Prince Dracula, which are longer and more constructed than the German stories. The Tales can be divided into two sections: The first 13 episodes are non-chronological events most likely closer to the original folkloric oral tradition about Vlad. The last six episodes are thought to have been written by a scholar who collected them, because they are chronological and seem to be more structured. The stories begin with a short introduction and the anecdote about the nailing of hats to ambassadors' heads. They end with Vlad's death and information about his family.
Of the 19 anecdotes there are ten that have similarities to the German stories. Despite the similarities, there is a clear distinction in the attitude towards him. The Russian stories tend to portray him in a more positive light: he is depicted as a great ruler, a brave soldier and a just sovereign. Stories of atrocities tend to seem justified as the actions of a strong ruler. Of the 19 anecdotes, only four seem to have exaggerated violence. Some elements of the anecdotes were later added to Russian stories about Ivan the Terrible of Russia.
The nationality and identity of the original writer of the Dracula anecdotes are disputed. The two most plausible explanations are that the writer was either a Romanian priest or a monk from Transylvania, or a Romanian or Moldavian from the court of Stephen the Great in Moldavia. One theory claims the writer was a Russian diplomat named Fyodor Kuritsyn.
Romanian national awakening
Romanian and Bulgarian documents from 1481 onwards portray Vlad as a hero, a true leader, who used harsh yet fair methods to reclaim the country from the corrupt and rich boyars. Moreover, all his military efforts were directed against the Ottoman Empire which explicitly wanted to conquer Wallachia. Excerpt from "The Slavonic Tales": And he hated evil in his country so much that, if anyone committed some harm, theft or robbery or a lye or an injustice, none of those remained alive. Even if he was a great boyar or a priest or a monk or an ordinary man, or even if he had a great fortune, he couldn't pay himself from death.
An Italian writer, Michael Bocignoli from Ragusa, in his writings from 1524, refers to Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ as: It was once (in Valahia), a prince Dragul by his name, a very wise and skillful man in war.
In the Letopisețul cantacuzinesc ("Cantacuzino chronicle"), a historic account written around 1688 by Stoica Ludescu of the Cantacuzino family, Vlad orders the boyars to build the fortress of Poenari with their own bare hands. Later in the document, Ludescu refers to the (re)crowning of Vlad as a happy event: Voievod Vlad sat on the throne and all the country came to pay respect, and brought many gifts and they went back to their houses with great joy. And Voievod Vlad with the help of God grew into much good and honor as long as he kept the reign of those just people.
Around 1785, Ioan Budai-Deleanu, a Romanian writer and renowned historian, wrote a Romanian epic heroic poem, "Èšiganiada", in which prince Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ stars as a fierce warrior fighting the Ottomans. Later, in 1881, Mihai Eminescu, one of the greatest Romanian poets, in "Letter 3", popularizes Vlad's image in modern Romanian patriotism, having him stand as a figure to contrast with presumed social decay under the Phanariotes and the political scene of the 19th century. The poem even suggests that Vlad's violent methods be applied as a cure. In the final lyrics, the poet makes a call to Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ (i. e. Dracula) to come, to sort the contemporaries into two teams: the mad and the wicked and then set fire to the prison and to the madhouse.
The connection of the name "Dracula" with vampirism was made by Bram Stoker around the 1890s. Since then, the character of 'Count Dracula' has recurred through vampire mythology and popular culture.
For a more possible view of what vampires might be like, read my vampire novels - The Dancing Valkyrie, The Vampire Valkyrie, And God Created Vampires, and Blood Red Pleasure. All are available on Amazon and B&N in print and ebook formats.
Or go to my website at www.petekleinvampires.com
Vlad the Impaler
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"Vlad ÈšepeÈ™" redirects here. For other uses, see Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ (disambiguation).
Reign 1448; 1456–1462; 1476
Born November or December 1431
Segesvár, Kingdom of Hungary
(city now known as Sighișoara, Romania)
Died December 1476 or January 1477, exact date unknown (aged 44–45)
Wallachia (exact location unknown)
Wives
Transylvanian noblewoman
Ilona Szilágyi
Father Vlad II Dracul
Mother Cneajna of Moldavia (presumed)
Signature
Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1431–1476/77) was a member of the House of DrăculeÈ™ti, a branch of the House of Basarab, also known as Vlad Drăculea or Vlad Dracula. He was posthumously dubbed Vlad the Impaler (modern Romanian: Vlad ÈšepeÈ™.
He was a three-time Voivode of Wallachia, ruling mainly from 1456 to 1462, the period of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. His father Vlad II Dracul was a member of the Order of the Dragon, which was founded to protect Christianity in Eastern Europe. Vlad III is revered as a folk hero in Romania and Bulgaria for his protection of the Romanians and Bulgarians both north and south of the Danube. Following his raids on the Ottomans, a significant number of Bulgarian common folk and remaining boyars resettled north of the Danube to Wallachia and recognized his leadership.
As the cognomen "The Impaler" suggests, his practice of impaling his enemies is part of his historical reputation. During his lifetime, his reputation for cruelty spread abroad to Germany and elsewhere in Europe. The name of the vampire Count Dracula in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula was inspired by Vlad's patronymic and reputation.
During his life, Vlad wrote his name in Latin documents as Wladislaus Dragwlya, vaivoda partium Transalpinarum.
The Order of the Dragon, founded by Emperor Sigismund in 1408.
Vlad's nickname of Țepeș ("Impaler") identifies his favourite method of execution, but it was only attached to his name posthumously in c. 1550. Before this, however, he was known as Kaziklu Beg or Kaziklı Voyvoda (both meaning Impaler Lord) by the Ottoman Empire after their armies encountered his "forests" of impaled victims.
Early life
Vlad Dracul was born in Sighișoara, Voivodeship of Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary (today part of Romania) in the winter of 1431 to Vlad II Dracul, future voivode of Wallachia. Vlad's father was the son of the celebrated Voivode Mircea the Elder. His mother is unknown, though at the time his father was believed to have been married to Princess Cneajna of Moldavia (eldest daughter of Alexander "the Good", Prince of Moldavia and aunt to Stephen the Great of Moldavia) and also to have kept a number of mistresses. He had two older half-brothers, Mircea II and Vlad Călugărul, and a younger brother Radu III the Handsome. Vlad had a half-brother also named Vlad through his father's mistress Caltuna. She entered a monastery, and her son followed in her footsteps to become Vlad the Monk.
In the year of his birth, Vlad's father traveled to Nuremberg, where he was then vested into the Order of the Dragon, a fellowship of knights sworn to defend Christendom against the encroaching Ottomans and European heresies, such as the Hussites. During his initiation, he was given the epithet Dracul or dragon by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund.
Vlad and Radu spent their early formative years in Sighișoara. During the first reign of their father Vlad II Dracul, the Voivode brought his young sons to Târgoviște, the capital of Wallachia at that time.
Byzantine chancellor Mikhail Doukas showed that, at Târgoviște, the sons of boyars and ruling princes were well-educated by Romanian or Greek scholars commissioned from Constantinople. Vlad is believed to have learned combat skills, geography, mathematics, science, languages (Old Church Slavonic, German, Latin), and the classical arts and philosophy.
Dealings with the Ottoman Empire and first reign (1448).
In 1436, Vlad II Dracul ascended the throne of Wallachia. He was ousted in 1442 by rival factions in league with Hungary, but secured Ottoman support for his return by agreeing to pay tribute to the Sultan. He also agreed to let two of his sons stay at the Ottoman court as an extra guarantee of his loyalty.
In 1442, Vlad II Dracul was beguiled into a confrontation with Sultan Mehmed II. Insensitive to the situation, he took his two sons, Mircea and Dracula, to meet him, only for them to be taken prisoner. During his years as a "favoured prisoner" in Gallipolli, Vlad was educated in logic, the Quran, and the Turkish language and works of literature. He would speak this language fluently in his later years. He and his brother were also trained in warfare and horsemanship. It is suspected that the young Dracula spent some time c. 1443 in Constantinople in the court of Constantine XI Paleologus, the final emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Both were eventually released in 1448 after six years of captivity, however privileged. His Turkish allies supported him by attempting to install him as Voivode of Wallachia. This bold coup lasted the two months when his opponents were distracted.
Vlad was not at all pleased to be in Turkish hands. He was resentful and very jealous of his little brother, who soon earned the nickname Radu cel Frumos, or "Radu the Handsome". Radu was well behaved and quickly earned the friendship of Sultan Murad's son, Mehmet; he eventually converted to Islam and entered Ottoman service. Conversely, Vlad was defiant and constantly punished for his impudence. It has been suggested that his traumatic experiences among the Ottomans may have molded him into the sadistic man he grew up to be, especially in regards to his penchant for impaling. The death of Vlad's father and older half-brother Mircea, both politically assassinated, greatly contributed to the development of his sadistic nature.
Dracula escaped to Moldova, fearful of assassins, to learn under the tutelage of his uncle Prince Bogdan and his cousin Prince Stephen. They formed a close friendship, promising each other to help in time of need. In 1451, only three years after his "adoption", Dracula was forced to flee in the turmoil following Prince Bogdan's assassination. He reappeared in Transylvania and came under the tutelage of the mighty Hungarian military leader Janos Hunyadi and the Hungarian King Ladislaus. In 1456, Dracula was sent to eliminate the Turkish-friendly Vladislav II, who was the Voivode of Wallachia. Dracula came to the throne as Prince of Wallachia, ushering in his main and most important reign.
Second and main reign (1456–62).
With Hungarian assistance, Vlad took the throne of Wallachia from Vladislav II in 1456. In 1457, exactly a year after his ascension, Vlad helped his cousin Stephen ascend Moldavia's throne by providing 6,000 horsemen as military assistance against Petru Aron, who was deposed after two battles. Stephen's long reign developed into a fierce anti-Ottoman resistance.
War with the Ottomans
In 1459, Pope Pius II called for a new crusade against the Ottomans at the Congress of Mantua. In this crusade, the main role was to be played by Matthias Corvinus, son of John Hunyadi (János Hunyadi), the King of Hungary. To this effect, Matthias Corvinus received from the Pope 40,000 gold coins, an amount that was thought to be enough to gather an army of 12,000 men and purchase ten Danube warships. Vlad allied with Corvinus in the hope of keeping the Ottomans out of Wallachia, which was claimed as a part of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mehmed II.
Later in 1459, Mehmed II sent envoys to Vlad to urge him to pay a delayed tribute of 10,000 ducats and 500 recruits into the Ottoman forces. Vlad refused, because if he had paid the tribute, it would have meant a public acceptance of Wallachia as part of the Ottoman Empire. Vlad, like most of his predecessors and successors, maintained the independence of Wallachia. On the pretext that they had refused to raise their "hats" to him, Vlad had the Turkish envoys killed by nailing their turbans to their heads.
Meanwhile, the Sultan received intelligence reports that revealed Vlad's domination of the Danube. He sent the Bey of Nicopolis, Hamza Bey (also known as Hamza Ceakirdjiba), to make peace and, if necessary, eliminate Vlad III. Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ planned to set an ambush. Hamza Bey brought with him a thousand cavalry, and as they passed through a narrow pass north of Giurgiu, Vlad launched a surprise attack. The Wallachians had the Turks surrounded and defeated. The Turks' plans were thwarted and almost all were caught and impaled, with Hamza Bey impaled on the highest stake to show his rank.
In the winter of 1462, Vlad crossed the Danube River and devastated the entire Bulgarian land in the area between Serbia and the Black Sea. Disguising himself as a Turkish Sipahi and utilizing the fluent Turkish he had learned as a hostage, he infiltrated and destroyed Ottoman camps. In a letter to Corvinus dated 2 February, he wrote: I have killed peasants men and women, old and young, who lived at Oblucitza and Novoselo, where the Danube flows into the sea. We killed 23,884 Turks without counting those whom we burned in homes or the Turks whose heads were cut by our soldiers.Thus, your highness, you must know that I have broken the peace.
Sultan Mehmed II's invasion of Wallachia.
The Night Attack of Târgovişte, which resulted in the victory of Vlad the Impaler.
In response, Sultan Mehmed II raised an army of around 60,000 troops and 30,000 irregulars, and in spring of 1462 he headed towards Wallachia. The army was under the Ottoman general Mahmut Pasha and in its ranks was Radu. Vlad was unable to stop the Ottomans from crossing the Danube on 4 June 1462, entering Wallachia. He organized small attacks and ambushes on the Turks, such as The Night Attack when 15,000 Ottomans were killed. This infuriated Mehmed II, who then crossed the Danube. Radu was left behind in Târgoviște with the hope that he would be able to gather an anti-Vlad clique in Wallachia that would ultimately establish Radu as the new Voivode of the region. Vlad's rule falls entirely within the three decades of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, conquering the entire Balkan Peninsula.
Vlad the Impaler's attack was celebrated by the Saxon cities of Transylvania, the Italian states, and the Pope. A Venetian envoy, upon hearing about the news at the court of Corvinus on 4 March, expressed great joy and said that the whole of Christianity should celebrate the successful campaign of Vlad ÈšepeÈ™. The Genoese from Caffa also thanked Vlad, for his campaign had saved them from an attack of some 300 ships that the sultan planned to send against them.
Defeat
Writ issued on 14 October 1465 by Radu cel Frumos from his residence in Bucharest signifying the victory of the Ottoman Empire.
Vlad's initial victory against the Ottomans was short-lived, and he soon withdrew to Moldavia, leaving behind detachments in Wallachia that were overrun by the Ottoman Sipahi commander Turhanoghlu Omer Bey, who was appointed governor of Thessaly as reward.
The Ottoman administrator Mihaloghlu Ali Bey, on behalf of the Sultan, gave Vlad's younger brother Radu cel Frumos and his Janissary battalions the task of leading the Ottoman force. As the war raged on, Radu and his formidable Janissary battalions were well supplied with a steady flow of gunpowder and dinars, allowing them to push deeper into the realm of Vlad III. Radu's forces finally besieged Poenari Castle, the famed lair of Vlad III. After his victory Radu was given the title Bey of Wallachia by Mehmed II.
Vlad III's defeat at Poenari was due in part to the fact that the Boyars, who had been alienated by Vlad's policy of undermining their authority, had joined Radu under the assurance that they would regain their privileges. They may have also believed that Ottoman protection was better than Hungarian.
By September 8, Vlad had won another three victories, but continuous war had left him without any money and he could no longer pay his mercenaries.
Imprisonment in Hungary
In autumn of 1462, Vlad and Matthias Corvinus spent five weeks negotiating alliances and making battle plans at Braşov. After believing he had gained Hungarian support for his crusade against the Ottomans, a confident Vlad started on his way home to Wallachia. Unbeknownst to him, there was an ambush waiting for him at Castle King's Rock, a fortress about six kilometers north of Rucăr, barely inside the Wallachian state. On November 26, Vlad was captured and spirited away to Hungary by Matthias Corvinus' own men.
Neither his contemporaries nor modern day scholars can say why exactly Matthias Corvinus shifted his loyalties and betrayed Vlad. Relatively recent research volunteers a possible explanation, though: In the early 1460s, the Hungarian king became distracted by the possibility of receiving the title of Holy Roman Emperor, and effectively tried to end the anti-Ottoman crusades in Eastern Europe. To focus on gaining power in Central Europe, he abandoned the Balkans to the Turks, a hasty and incriminating move for a supposed crusader-king. In order to justify his actions, he ordered Vlad's arrest, claiming that the Wallachian prince was actually in league with the Turks; therefore, the entire area was undeserving of his protection.
Vlad was imprisoned at the Oratea Fortress located at today's Podu Dâmboviței village. A period of imprisonment in Visegrád near Buda followed. The exact length of Vlad's period of imprisonment is open to some debate, though indications show that it was from 1462 until 1466. Diplomatic correspondence from Buda seems to indicate that the period of Vlad's effective confinement was relatively short, his release occurring around 1466 when he married Ilona Szilágyi. Radu's openly pro-Ottoman policy as voivode probably contributed to Vlad's rehabilitation. Moreover, Steven the Great, Voivode of Moldavia and relative of Vlad, intervened on his behalf to be released from prison as Ottoman pressure on the territories north of the Danube was increasing.
Reconquest of Wallachia, third reign and death
Around 1475, Vlad and Stephen V Báthory of Transylvania began preparations for the reconquest of Wallachia, mixed with forces of Transylvanians, Hungarian support, some dissatisfied Wallachian boyars, and Moldavians sent by Prince Stephen III of Moldavia, Vlad's cousin. Vlad's brother Radu had died by this time and had been replaced on the Wallachian throne by Turkish candidate Prince Basarab the Elder, a member of the Dăneşti clan. When Vlad's army arrived, Prince Basarab's army fled, some to the Turks, others in the mountains. After placing Vlad on the throne, Stephen Báthory and his forces returned to Transylvania, leaving Vlad in a very weak position. Vlad had little time to get support before a large Turkish army entered Wallachia to put Prince Basarab back on the throne. Vlad had to meet the Turks with the small forces at his disposal, which were made up of fewer than four thousand men. Vlad III declared his third reign on 26 November 1476, where it had lasted little more than two months and thereafter he was killed.
The exact date and location of Vlad's death are unknown, but he was dead by 10 January 1477. He is presumed to have died at the end of December 1476, somewhere along the road between Bucharest and Giurgiu. There are variant descriptions of Vlad's death. Some sources say that he was killed while fighting the Turks, surrounded by the bodies of his loyal Moldavian bodyguards. Others say that he was killed by disloyal Wallachian boyars also fighting the Turks, or killed during a hunt. Still other reports claim that Vlad was accidentally killed by one of his own men. According to Bonfinius (Antonio Bonfini) and a Turkish chronicler, Vlad was decapitated by the Turks as a trophy, and his head was sent to Constantinople, preserved in honey. Afterwards, the head was displayed on a stake as proof that he was dead.
Burial
Vlad's body was buried unceremoniously by his rival, Basarab Laiota, possibly at Comana, a monastery founded by Vlad in 1461. The Comana monastery was demolished and rebuilt from scratch in 1589.
In the 19th century, Romanian historians cited a "tradition", apparently without any kind of support in documentary evidence, that Vlad was buried at Snagov, an island monastery located near Bucharest. To support this theory, the so-called Cantacuzino Chronicle was cited, which claims Vlad as the founder of the monastery, but Alexandru Odobescu had established this as impossible as early as 1855, since the monastery had been in existence before 1438. Since excavations carried out by Dinu V. Rosetti (1935) in June–October 1933, it has become clear that Snagov monastery was founded during the later 14th century, well before the time of Vlad III. The 1933 excavation also established that there was no tomb below the supposed "unmarked tombstone" of Vlad in the monastery church. Rosetti reported that "Under the tombstone attributed to Vlad there was no tomb. Only many bones and jaws of horses." In the 1970s, speculative attribution of an anonymous tomb found elsewhere in the church to Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ was published by Simion Saveanu, a journalist who wrote a series of articles on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of Vlad's death. Most Romanian historians today favor the Comana monastery as the final resting place for Vlad ÈšepeÈ™.
Legacy
Reputation for cruelty.
After Vlad's death, his deeds were reported in popular pamphlets in Germany, reprinted from the 1480s until the 1560s, and to a lesser extent in Tsarist Russia. A typical German pamphlet from 1521 gives numerous examples of lurid incidents, such as the following: He roasted children, whom he fed to their mothers. And (he) cut off the breasts of women, and forced their husbands to eat them. After that, he had them all impaled.
Vlad's reputation was considerably darker in western Europe than in eastern Europe and Romania. In the West, he has been characterized as a tyrant who took sadistic pleasure in torturing and killing his enemies. Estimates of the number of his victims range from 40,000 to 100,000. He also had whole villages and fortresses destroyed and burned to the ground.
Impalement was Vlad's preferred method of torture and execution. Several woodcuts from German pamphlets of the late 15th and early 16th centuries show Vlad feasting in a forest of stakes and their grisly burdens outside Brașov, while a nearby executioner cuts apart other victims. It has also been said that in 1462 Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, returned to Constantinople after being sickened by the sight of 20,000 impaled corpses outside Vlad's capital of Târgoviște.
German sources
The German stories circulated first in manuscript form in the late 15th century and the first manuscript was probably written in 1462 before Vlad's arrest. The text was later printed in Germany and had a major impact on the general public, becoming a bestseller of its time with numerous later editions adding to and altering the original text.
In addition to the manuscripts and pamphlets the German version of the stories can be found in the poem of Michael Beheim. The poem called "Von ainem wutrich der hies Trakle waida von der Walachei" ("Story of a Hothead Named Dracula of Wallachia") was written and performed at the court of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor during the winter of 1463.
To this day four manuscripts and 13 pamphlets have been found, as well as the poem by Michel Beheim. The surviving manuscripts date from the last quarter of the 15th century to the year 1500 and the found pamphlets date from 1488 to 1559–1568.
Eight of the pamphlets are incunabula, meaning that they were printed before 1501. The German stories about Vlad the Impaler consist of 46 short episodes, although none of the manuscripts, pamphlets or the poem of Beheim contain all 46 stories.
All of them begin with the story of the old governor, John Hunyadi, having Vlad's father killed, and how Vlad and his brother renounced their old religion and swore to protect and uphold the Christian faith. After this, the order and titles of the stories differ by manuscript and pamphlet editions.
Russian sources
The Russian or the Slavic version of the stories about Vlad the Impaler called "Skazanie o Drakule voevode" ("The Tale of Warlord Dracula") is thought to have been written sometime between 1481 and 1486. Copies were made from the 15th century to the 18th century, of which some 22 extant manuscripts survive in Russian archives. The oldest one, from 1490, ends as follows: "First written in the year 6994 of the Byzantine calendar (1486), on 13 February; then transcribed in the year 6998 (1490), on 28 January". The Tales of Prince Dracula is neither chronological nor consistent, but mostly a collection of anecdotes of literary and historical value concerning Vlad ÈšepeÈ™.
There are 19 anecdotes in The Tales of Prince Dracula, which are longer and more constructed than the German stories. The Tales can be divided into two sections: The first 13 episodes are non-chronological events most likely closer to the original folkloric oral tradition about Vlad. The last six episodes are thought to have been written by a scholar who collected them, because they are chronological and seem to be more structured. The stories begin with a short introduction and the anecdote about the nailing of hats to ambassadors' heads. They end with Vlad's death and information about his family.
Of the 19 anecdotes there are ten that have similarities to the German stories. Despite the similarities, there is a clear distinction in the attitude towards him. The Russian stories tend to portray him in a more positive light: he is depicted as a great ruler, a brave soldier and a just sovereign. Stories of atrocities tend to seem justified as the actions of a strong ruler. Of the 19 anecdotes, only four seem to have exaggerated violence. Some elements of the anecdotes were later added to Russian stories about Ivan the Terrible of Russia.
The nationality and identity of the original writer of the Dracula anecdotes are disputed. The two most plausible explanations are that the writer was either a Romanian priest or a monk from Transylvania, or a Romanian or Moldavian from the court of Stephen the Great in Moldavia. One theory claims the writer was a Russian diplomat named Fyodor Kuritsyn.
Romanian national awakening
Romanian and Bulgarian documents from 1481 onwards portray Vlad as a hero, a true leader, who used harsh yet fair methods to reclaim the country from the corrupt and rich boyars. Moreover, all his military efforts were directed against the Ottoman Empire which explicitly wanted to conquer Wallachia. Excerpt from "The Slavonic Tales": And he hated evil in his country so much that, if anyone committed some harm, theft or robbery or a lye or an injustice, none of those remained alive. Even if he was a great boyar or a priest or a monk or an ordinary man, or even if he had a great fortune, he couldn't pay himself from death.
An Italian writer, Michael Bocignoli from Ragusa, in his writings from 1524, refers to Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ as: It was once (in Valahia), a prince Dragul by his name, a very wise and skillful man in war.
In the Letopisețul cantacuzinesc ("Cantacuzino chronicle"), a historic account written around 1688 by Stoica Ludescu of the Cantacuzino family, Vlad orders the boyars to build the fortress of Poenari with their own bare hands. Later in the document, Ludescu refers to the (re)crowning of Vlad as a happy event: Voievod Vlad sat on the throne and all the country came to pay respect, and brought many gifts and they went back to their houses with great joy. And Voievod Vlad with the help of God grew into much good and honor as long as he kept the reign of those just people.
Around 1785, Ioan Budai-Deleanu, a Romanian writer and renowned historian, wrote a Romanian epic heroic poem, "Èšiganiada", in which prince Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ stars as a fierce warrior fighting the Ottomans. Later, in 1881, Mihai Eminescu, one of the greatest Romanian poets, in "Letter 3", popularizes Vlad's image in modern Romanian patriotism, having him stand as a figure to contrast with presumed social decay under the Phanariotes and the political scene of the 19th century. The poem even suggests that Vlad's violent methods be applied as a cure. In the final lyrics, the poet makes a call to Vlad ÈšepeÈ™ (i. e. Dracula) to come, to sort the contemporaries into two teams: the mad and the wicked and then set fire to the prison and to the madhouse.
The connection of the name "Dracula" with vampirism was made by Bram Stoker around the 1890s. Since then, the character of 'Count Dracula' has recurred through vampire mythology and popular culture.
For a more possible view of what vampires might be like, read my vampire novels - The Dancing Valkyrie, The Vampire Valkyrie, And God Created Vampires, and Blood Red Pleasure. All are available on Amazon and B&N in print and ebook formats.
Or go to my website at www.petekleinvampires.com
Monday, August 1, 2016
If Khan likes the Constitution
So Pope Francis says “it’s not right to identify Islam with violence. It’s not right and it’s not true.”
I guess the Pope is fully on board with Politically Correct Speech.
I'm not. PC speech glosses over the realities of life. It's one thing to try to be ecumenical when it comes to religions but it does take two to tango and the Islamic terrorists and much of the Islamic world in general are not willing to tango.
Ever since the birth of Islam, it has been at war with all of the world's religions and not just with other religions. Islam shares one thing in common with Christianity. Islam has a long history of proselytism, just as does Christianity.
Wikipedia says, "A form of forced conversion became institutionalized during the Ottoman Empire in the practice of devÅŸirme, a human levy in which Christian boys were seized and collected from their families (usually in the Balkans), enslaved, converted to Islam, and then trained as elite military unit within the Ottoman army or for high-ranking service to the sultan. From the mid to late 14th, through early 18th centuries, the devÅŸirme–janissary system enslaved an estimated 500,000 to one million non–Muslim adolescent males. These boys would attain a great education and high social standing after their training and conversion."
The mess the Balkans is still, is a result of the Ottoman Empire.
To be fair, I should note that Christian missionaries in this country, primarily Catholic, did a lot of proselytism to native North, Central and South Americans.
Everyone does believe their religion is the best religion and everyone should agree with them.
Now fast forward to Donald Trump and his tiff with the Khan family.
Donald, you really need to stop taking the bait.
But I will side with him to this extent. If Khan likes the Constitution so much, he should consider converting to Christianity because it was written by Christians.
Actually, I don't care if the Khans become Christian or not. But they should realize there wouldn't be a US Constitution or a Bill of Rights if this country had been founded by Muslims. Even today, Muslims war among themselves.
It would be nice if Christian, Jews and people of faiths other than Islam were allowed to live in Muslim countries without bothering to worry that their clothing and manners might get them in trouble with the authorities, unlike as Muslims expect when visiting or living in countries not Islamic.
This is what bothers so many Americans and Europeans. We are expected to accommodate them in our countries while they demand we follow their ways in their Islamic countries. No where is this double standard more obvious than when it comes to women.
I think I have said enough and will conclude with this. I don't give a damn what religion you belong to or don't belong to. Maybe you don't believe in any god or goddess. Just keep your religion to yourself and don't bother anyone with your religion no matter what country you or they are in.
And Khan, once again, remember the Constitution was written by Christians who were sick and tired of being bothered by people of different faiths.
Donald, wise up and stop taking the bait.
I guess the Pope is fully on board with Politically Correct Speech.
I'm not. PC speech glosses over the realities of life. It's one thing to try to be ecumenical when it comes to religions but it does take two to tango and the Islamic terrorists and much of the Islamic world in general are not willing to tango.
Ever since the birth of Islam, it has been at war with all of the world's religions and not just with other religions. Islam shares one thing in common with Christianity. Islam has a long history of proselytism, just as does Christianity.
Wikipedia says, "A form of forced conversion became institutionalized during the Ottoman Empire in the practice of devÅŸirme, a human levy in which Christian boys were seized and collected from their families (usually in the Balkans), enslaved, converted to Islam, and then trained as elite military unit within the Ottoman army or for high-ranking service to the sultan. From the mid to late 14th, through early 18th centuries, the devÅŸirme–janissary system enslaved an estimated 500,000 to one million non–Muslim adolescent males. These boys would attain a great education and high social standing after their training and conversion."
The mess the Balkans is still, is a result of the Ottoman Empire.
To be fair, I should note that Christian missionaries in this country, primarily Catholic, did a lot of proselytism to native North, Central and South Americans.
Everyone does believe their religion is the best religion and everyone should agree with them.
Now fast forward to Donald Trump and his tiff with the Khan family.
Donald, you really need to stop taking the bait.
But I will side with him to this extent. If Khan likes the Constitution so much, he should consider converting to Christianity because it was written by Christians.
Actually, I don't care if the Khans become Christian or not. But they should realize there wouldn't be a US Constitution or a Bill of Rights if this country had been founded by Muslims. Even today, Muslims war among themselves.
It would be nice if Christian, Jews and people of faiths other than Islam were allowed to live in Muslim countries without bothering to worry that their clothing and manners might get them in trouble with the authorities, unlike as Muslims expect when visiting or living in countries not Islamic.
This is what bothers so many Americans and Europeans. We are expected to accommodate them in our countries while they demand we follow their ways in their Islamic countries. No where is this double standard more obvious than when it comes to women.
I think I have said enough and will conclude with this. I don't give a damn what religion you belong to or don't belong to. Maybe you don't believe in any god or goddess. Just keep your religion to yourself and don't bother anyone with your religion no matter what country you or they are in.
And Khan, once again, remember the Constitution was written by Christians who were sick and tired of being bothered by people of different faiths.
Donald, wise up and stop taking the bait.
Saturday, July 30, 2016
Thursday, July 21, 2016
Sunday, July 3, 2016
Saturday, June 18, 2016
Sunday, May 1, 2016
Saturday, April 30, 2016
Friday, April 29, 2016
Liberal Thugs
Maybe you prefer Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders, Ted Cruz or John Kasich over Donald Trump.
Everyone is entitled to their opinion and so am I.
In my opinion, I have never seen as much hate as I have seen by people who call themselves liberal.
There is nothing liberal about the hate some liberals have shown toward Donald Trump and his supporters. They remind me of members of the KKK and Nazis. They are thugs.
If you don't like Trump, don't vote for him.
But if you keep up these violent expressions of hate, do realize you will increase the chances for Trump to become President.
Everyone is entitled to their opinion and so am I.
In my opinion, I have never seen as much hate as I have seen by people who call themselves liberal.
There is nothing liberal about the hate some liberals have shown toward Donald Trump and his supporters. They remind me of members of the KKK and Nazis. They are thugs.
If you don't like Trump, don't vote for him.
But if you keep up these violent expressions of hate, do realize you will increase the chances for Trump to become President.
Friday, April 22, 2016
Prince Performs “Purple Rain” During Downpour | Super Bowl XLI Halftime ...
Prince Performs “Purple Rain” During Downpour | Super Bowl XLI Halftime ...
Monday, April 11, 2016
Tuesday, April 5, 2016
Thursday, March 17, 2016
Sunday, March 6, 2016
Friday, March 4, 2016
Thursday, February 25, 2016
Thursday, February 4, 2016
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